Applying Research Credit to Payroll Taxes

Many development and growth stage companies qualify for the Credit for Increasing Research Activities (commonly known as the R&D or Research Credit), but must carry the credit forward because they have no tax due. Subject to limits, companies can now elect to apply all or some of any research tax credits that they earn against payroll taxes instead of income tax (the payroll tax election).

Many new businesses, even if they have some cash flow, or even net positive cash flow and/or a book profit, pay no income taxes and won’t for some time. Thus, there is no amount against which business credits, including the research credit, can be applied. On the other hand, any wage-paying business, even a new one, has payroll tax liabilities. The payroll tax election is thus an opportunity to get immediate use out of the research credits that they earn. Because every dollar of credit-eligible expenditure can result in as much as a 10 cent tax credit, that’s a big help in the start-up phase of a business—the time when help is most needed.

To qualify for the election a taxpayer (1) must have gross receipts for the election year of less than $5 million and (2) be no more than five years past the period for which it had no receipts (the start-up period). In making these determinations the only gross receipts that an individual taxpayer takes into account are from the individual’s businesses. An individual’s salary, investment income or other income aren’t taken into account. Note also that neither an entity or individual can make the election for more than six years in a row.

Research credits for which the taxpayer makes the payroll tax election can be applied only against the employer’s old-age, survivors and disability liability—the OASDI or “social security” portion of FICA taxes. So the election can’t be used to lower (1) the employer’s liability for the “Medicare” portion of FICA taxes or (2) any FICA taxes that the employer withholds and remits to the government on behalf of employees.

The amount of research credit for which the election can be made can’t annually exceed $250,000. Note too that an individual or C corporation can make the election only for those research credits which, in the absence of an election, would have to be carried forward. In other words, a C corporation can’t make the election for research credits that the taxpayer can use to reduce current or past income tax liabilities.

The above are just the basics about the payroll tax election. Identifying and substantiating expenses eligible for the research credit itself is a complex area our accounting and tax services can help you navigate through the complexities. Please contact us if you would like a tax professional to follow up with you about the payroll tax election and to advise you about the research credit generally (or any other tax matters).